how to fatten up a cat

Plain yogurt also is a healthy addition, and provides good probiotics to help your cat's digestion. Tuna and liver are okay to give to a cat who has lost his appetite, but they should not be given for more than a day or two as they can cause medical issues. Skip the salt, pepper and butter as these are not very good for your cat. As a result, glucose levels build up in the bloodstream. You want to know what all is in the food and how many calories. Improve the smell of food by heating it up and drizzling tempting aromas over it. Canned sardines or mackerel also have a good level of healthy protein and fat, and your cat may be unable to resist. People must understand that there is a big difference between lean muscle mass and fat. Don't discourage Kitty from exploring her world or honing her abilities with healthy exercise. Tapeworm and roundworm are the most common intestinal worms in cats. Provide it with water to hydrate its body. This is another tip on how to fatten up a kitten by changing the food fed. Tumours can grow in the cat’s mouth, creating discomfort when he eats. You may also want to try making her some eggs. Kittens and adolescent cats have a lot of energy that they can burn off just running and playing. This list is by no means extensive; there are many other medical causes. It's easy to digest making it quick to pack on the pounds. Can Cats Eat Tuna? Your vet can prescribe a good food for him that is calorie packed, Science Diets offer a variety of prescription foods for this very purpose. A huge animal lover, born and raised around dogs, cats, chickens... Once the cause (if any) has been diagnosed and addressed, the appetite should return in most cases. We're all about honesty here. A few treats at a time will help your cat's weight slowly increase. Bring your veterinarian a stool sample to test for this diagnosis. Just make sure the eggs are fully cooked. A nursing mother just needs more food to help her replenish. The basic approach is to determine a full day’s food for your cat’s target weight, then divide it by the number of portions you plan to serve your cat. How many calories should a cat eat to gain weight? ¹⁶⁻¹⁷ So, if 50% of a cat's calories are derived from ingested protein, and it provides 3.5 kcal of energy per gram, denoted as g, that would calculate into 5.7 g/kg/day of protein for a cat consuming 40 kcal/kg/day or up to 11.4 g/kg/day for a cat eating 80 kcal/kg/day. A high-protein diet may help your feline gain weight. We often hear about people feeding dry food to “fatten” their cats up. If you feed your feline a diet that is rich in protein, then it can help her in gaining more weight. Does he share his food dish with other cats? 2.1 Make an appointment with your vet: 2.2 Care and pay attention to the daily activities of your cat: 2.3 Drink Plenty of Water: 2.4 Know what and how much foods your cat need to consume: 2.4.1 Kitten food can fatten up thin cats of all ages safely and healthily: Just pay attention not to spoil him/her too often, otherwise, they might lose excitement for their dinner. Foods to fatten up a cat suffering from anorexia need to be strictly approved by your vet. – A common endocrine disease where the cells build up a resistance to insulin, a hormone necessary for glucose to enter the cells. If your cat is not very food orientated or is a fussy eater you may need to encourage your cat to eat. She may have a parasite inside her that's digesting her food or maybe she lost a tooth in a scuffle. If you’re feeding your cat twice a day, change it to 4-6 times a day, but with smaller portions at each feeding. In fact, canned food may work a bit too well in helping your cat gain weight, so use caution. Cat too thin? – Parasitic infections caused by single-celled protozoa resulting in vomiting and diarrhea. How to Fatten Up a Skinny Cat Once your vet has helped you establish the reason why your cat is so skinny, they will help you to work out a weight-gain program. After you have determined why your cat needs to put on weight. The best thing about this is it means bonding with your cat! Loves a good book (about animals) and playing the piano. Last Updated on October 29, 2020 by Julia Wilson. Raw eggs contain avidin that makes it hard for her to absorb vitamin B plus there's the possibility of salmonella. 1 What you will need to fatten up your cat; 2 Step-by-step instruction. Can Cats Eat Sardines? But get your vet’s approval before you try any of them. If a cat is not eating or at least doesn't seem to be getting nourishment from food, you need to find out what's wrong. A sickly or highly reluctant to feed cat may need to be fed with a syringe. Find Out Why! Copyright 2020 by FelineLiving.net   -  Designed by Thrive Themes These parasites compete with the cat for food. Cat foods that are rich in protein consist of ingredients like turkey, lamb, fish, beef, chicken etc. Find Out Why Your Kitty May Be Thin, 4. Why It Might Be Harmful To Your Kitty... Why Do Cats Stick Their Tongue Out? Full author bio Contact Julia, About    Privacy policy    Disclaimer    Linking policy   FAQ   Contact    Sitemap Copyright © Cat-World.com - All Rights Reserved. – Caused by a benign hormone-secreting tumour of the thyroid gland, which causes the metabolism to speed up. Do not let it go hungry for so long. Why Are Cats Scared of Cucumbers? Fecal studies: Microscopic evaluation of a sample of feces to look for parasitic eggs. High protein cat foods . Is your cat elderly? This will make it hard for your cat to keep weight on. Or maybe mouth pain or lost teeth is her reason for being reluctant to eat. | Powered by WordPress. – There are many types of cancer which can develop in cats; most cancers will cause your cat to feel unwell, which in turn leads to anorexia and weight loss. There are other methods depending on the situation. Symptoms typically affect the upper respiratory tract, which can result in a loss of appetite as the cat loses its sense of smell. Both yogurt and sardines have calcium and yogurt has probiotics. In order to feed a malnourished cat it is important to maintain a calm and peaceful atmosphere that … The veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination of your cat and obtain a medical history from you. If your cat is showing signs of malnutrition, take her to your veterinarian. Animal adoption advocate. As said before, this is not a boxer, so no raw eggs. If your cat is nervous, make sure the food bowl is not near an object that is scaring them such as a cycling furnace, air conditioner, noisy pipe, or barking dog. Find Out Now! (It will be kindly assumed you don't want to eat the cat.) If you've recently taken in an underfed stray, several small meals enhanced with vitamin supplements will slowly but surely get him up to ideal weight. Self-educated pet care nerd. Once your cat is old enough, look into spaying or neutering, which can slow the metabolism. Is It a Symptom…. You have plenty of time to gradually put on the pounds. Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Food. Eggs are high in the fat and protein your cat needs to put on some healthy weight. Medical causes occur most often in middle-aged to senior cats, the majority of which cause the cat to lose weight due to a poor appetite. Because your cat's health can be affected negatively by being underweight for a long period of time, your job as a pet owner is to help your cat gain the … Underweight pets should be eating foods that are around 30% protein and 20% fat if they're eating dry kibble, or 7% protein and 5% fat, or higher, if you're feeding a wet food. A bit of thoroughly cooked tuna or liver might help things along, but keep this small and infrequent. A few treats between meals can whet your cat's appetite though. Amazon, the Amazon logo, AmazonSupply, and the AmazonSupply logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. This list is by no means extensive; there are many other medical causes. Another way to fatten up your cat is to give supplemental tasty treats in between meal times. She may be burning calories just feeding her babies. Below are some ways to help fatten up a cat. They may also decide to prescribe vitamins or another type of medication. Imaging studies (X-ray and ultrasound): To evaluate the organs and look for signs of intestinal blockages or tumours. Can Cats Cry? , and liver. This article has been fact checked and verified by our veterinary adviser. Food that is high in protein will help to increase fat and muscle mass. Another means to fatten your cat up will be always to provide yummy snacks between dinner times. Senior cats are very prone to developing kidney disease. Dry food is fine, just a little water and heat it up for a few seconds and stir. If you tend to dress up their food with toppers, mixing it, and fussing over them. Just feed her kitten chow, which is formulated to be higher in protein and fat content than adult cat food. This is a parasite that lives in your cat's intestinal tract and digests the nutrients in her food before she can. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, speeds up the cat’s metabolism. Your veterinarian may prescribe something or you can use an over-the-counter pill depending on the severity of the situation. The Best Cat Food to Fatten up Your Kitten Hill’s Science Diet Sensitive Stomach and Skin Dry Cat Food. Currently parent of three adopted cats and one small mutt. This is the key to your cat’s weight gain. Don't feed your cat any foods that will only make the condition worse. If you are in need of a way to fatten up a cat, you have a rather rare problem. The lack of recognition of fat versus muscle is a very common problem that we see. Do They Suffer Depression Too? www.felineliving.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Foods to Fatten Up a Cat I was wondering if you guys ever had to deal with a skinny cat before, and how to fatten it up? This will make your cat fatten up. It is critical to determine if the cat has an underlying medical condition which has caused him or her to be underweight. How to Fatten Up a Cat? It will make it moist and a little soggy. Add some water from a can of tuna or anchovies to their food. Malnutrition is a serious disease in cats that can lead to other serious medical conditions. How to feed a cat to help them gain weight It’s important your cat feels stress-free and comfortable during meal time so it starts to eat regularly and gain weight. Natural Balance Limited Ingredient Indoor Formula Dry Cat … A cat that's being bullied out of his share by other cats may need to be fed separately. Instead of protein, some food may consist of many carbohydrates. How to fatten up a skinny cat? A small amount of plain, unsweetened yogurt on top of the food adds calories and entices Kitty to eat more. After you have determined why your cat needs to put on weight. A cat that's depressed or stressed out might just not be in the mood to eat. Cat flu – There are several types of pathogens which can cause flu in cats. It’s great for boosting your cat’s calorie intake. If they weigh 15 pounds, then they should be eating approximately 300 calories per day to maintain their weight. We promise not to share your information. Generally, you are discouraged from giving a cat people food, but desperate times may call for desperate measures. Get the high quality stuff without fillers that will make your cat feel full but won't actually cause the weight to stay on. Scrambled eggs will be easier for her to eat. Your veterinarian will examine her physical condition and perform other diagnostic tests, such as blood work and urinalysis, to determine the severity of the malnutrition. Like any living being, a cat needs to eat and digest food to live. Give them 50% goat's milk with 50% water. Product overview The package. I foster kittens for our local Animal Shelter and they have me give them canned goat's milk to fatten them up. It is critical to determine if the cat has an underlying medical condition which has caused him or her to be underweight. If you have not, take the cat in and get a … The first ingredient should be a type of meat such as turkey, fish, lamb, chicken or beef. Have your cat checked by a veterinarian first before engaging in a weight gain program. A cat who is sick or has been neglected may wind up being significantly underweight as a result of his circumstances. – A gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, which causes a build-up of toxins in the blood. Are They Good? If the first ingredient is a type of grain or “meat by-product” or something ending in “meal” it's no good. Tomlyn High-Calorie Nutritional Gel For Cats Otherwise, you may have to find out what exactly is making Kitty lose weight and solve that problem first. A cat weight gain supplement is another idea when wondering how to fatten up a cat. The goal is to stimulate the cat’s appetite and increase calories. A cat’s digestion is more sensitive than a human’s, and unable to cope with a varied diet—these lead to stomach upset and even further weight loss. Read the label again. Only take the high … It's great for boosting your cat's calorie intake. Small portions served often may be what's needed. Below are some ways to help fatten up a cat. Not only will high-protein food help your cat put on a healthy amount of weight, you may notice her coat becoming shinier and softer with other physical improvements. Pay attention to the nutrition of the cat food you choose. Julia lives in Sydney with her family, four cats and two dogs. If you have taken her to the vet, I would give a call and see if there are recommendations for foods to feed. If you feed your cat dry kibble, offer them canned food (or vice versa) in addition to dry. She enjoys photography, gardening and running in her spare time. This is in case you have been feeding the kitten on dry kitten food. Offering treats throughout the day or in between meals. – A leading cause of vomiting and diarrhea in cats, IBD is a group of disorders caused by the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the intestinal tract resulting in poor digestion and absorption of food. Find Out If It's Safe or Not! Does she go outside often? Some of the ways you can do that include: Splitting their daily portion into smaller meals you put down regularly Can Cats Eat Bacon? This will intensify the smell, making it more appetizing to your cat. Give them some canned/wet food (the stinkier the better — try seafood varieties) Give them some meat baby food. Looking after your cat’s digestion during weight gain If your cat has lost weight through illness, it’s essential you don’t overwhelm their digestive system during weight gain. Over time can lead to her losing weight if she is not receiving an adequate amount of food. As mentioned before, you may want to try food formulated specifically for kittens as that has the most fat and protein. The sight of the can in itself is a sure way of getting the young lady’s attention to the food. If you are in need of a way to fatten up a cat, you have a rather rare problem. One simple method to get Kitty to eat is to heat up her food just a little. Maybe your cat doesn't care for the texture of dry food. Spice it up! Healthy cat foods are one of the most important agents of fattening a cat. First of all, you have to identify why you need to get your cat fattened up. Consider canned cat food. This will help finicky eaters be more enticed to indulge in meal times, which will eventually add some weight to … Continue reading to find out some simple ways to enable your feline gain weight. The goal is to stimulate the cat’s appetite and increase calories. Very young cats will burn calories easily. Many times, people can't get their cat to stop eating! No one likes to see poor, skinny kitty cats wasting away! It's easily digested in kittens and cats and really packs on the weight. My cat Leo, lost a bit of weight while he was sick, he's recovering well right now.. but he's always been on the skinny side, even when eating his dry food. Always consult a veterinarian before making drastic changes to your cat's diet. Read here for more causes of weight loss in cats. Despite a normal to increased appetite, the cat continues to lose weight. A dose of deworming medication will solve this problem. These products might help your cat gain weight. Intestinal parasites can be dealt with by administering a few pills. Canned sardines and mackerel are acceptable if packed in water rather than oil with no salt. Plasma Cell Pododermatitis (Pillow Foot) in Cats, Medical Causes of Inappropriate Urination in Cats. Once the cause (if any) has been diagnosed and addressed, the appetite should return in most cases. Switch to a softer brand. If you are trying to fatten up your cat, we never advise force-feeding your cat or even trying to syringe them food. Pay attention not to spoil them overly frequently, otherwise they may eliminate excitement to his or her dinner. As cats age, they may lose weight for a variety of reasons, from dental problems to cancer. If your cat doesn’t like cat food because of the flavor, then it’s time to switch it up by … Switching to a high-protein diet. Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates from our team. Read that label! The product comes in a bag of 15.5 lbs, which is enough for a standard mature cat to consume in roughly a month. Are you trying to find ways on how to fatten up a cat? Human food can give a cat worms and most cats cannot handle milk. Nursing kittens – A lactating queen (mother cat) uses enormous resources to provide nourishment to her kittens. Diary is bad for cats, do not give cheese. Do not feed your cat with overstayed foods as this may cause a health problem and make it skinny. Adding palatable toppings or using an appetite stimulant can also help. – Cats are susceptible to changes in the routine, household, bullying from other cats. This is a common problem with senior cats that is caused by a benign tumor in the thyroid gland. Intersperse your pet's diet with small amounts of high-calorie supplemental canned food or canned products made of 100% meat sources. In any case, talk with and cooperate with your veterinarian to find out which solution is best for your cat. Parasitic worms – Cats are prone to several types of parasitic worms. Find Out Here! Your veterinarian will need to run a blood test to determine if it is hyperthyroidism, diabetes or another cause. Ad Canned Cat Food to kibble Most cats love the flavors, smell and textures of canned cat food. Feed your cat both wet and dry foods as much as required. to evaluate the overall health of the cat and check the kidneys and liver. Treats should not be used for meal replacement as they are not very nutritious though they are high in calories. If you've recently taken in an underfed stray, several small meals enhanced with vitamin supplements will slowly but surely get him up to ideal weight. Many times, people can't get their cat to stop eating! Add a little bit of warmed, low-sodium chicken broth to your thier food, whether it's kibble or canned. It is probably one of the best home remedies to fatten up a cat that can be reached by adding good-smelling ingredients to a cat’s food and even heating it up a little bit. Did your cat have a litter of kittens recently? Cat foods that … Scrambled eggs without butter or seasonings are a great protein and fat source, and most cats find eggs very tasty. My daughter wanted to give the cat milk but I told her she would have to clean up the mess. He might be getting bullied out of his fair share. They're also both foods cats are fond of. If your indoor cat weighs 10 pounds, then they should be eating approximately 200 calories per day. How to fatten up a cat? To coax an older cat to eat, first address these problems and then start feeding a high calorie cat food for weight gain. So, How Do I Fatten Up My Cat? Underweight pets should be eating foods that are around 30% protein and 20% fat if they're eating dry kibble, or 7% protein and 5% fat, or higher, if you're feeding a wet food. Your cat may also be struggling to chew hard food. – A bacterial infection of the intestinal tract leading to vomiting and diarrhea. Reasons why your cat is thin? If your cat's thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroxine-a this can cause the metabolism to speed up. How can I fatten up my cat that won't eat? Certified Content. Could be either a disease or just loss of appetite. Weight loss despite a healthy appetite and no underlying disease (not enough food, Weight loss due to a medical condition but not related to loss of appetite (hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, malabsorption disorders such as exocrine. Your vet will be able to calculate an ideal weight range based on your cat’s age, breed and lifestyle. To help your cat gain some much needed weight, add a tablespoon or two to her kibble. Remember: this is a cat, not a heavyweight boxer. Tapeworm is the most common culprit of weight loss. Additional tests will depend on results of baseline tests but can include: (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}), Julia Wilson is a cat expert with over 20 years of experience writing about a wide range of cat topics, with a special interest in cat health, welfare and preventative care. – A mouth ulcer (or mouth sore) is a painful, open sore which can affect the gums and tongue. Take your cat to your veterinarian. Care nerd vet ’ s calorie intake just a little bit of warmed low-sodium. Loses its sense of smell to deal with a syringe dogs,,. Look for parasitic eggs do cats Stick their Tongue out will solve this problem 's thyroid gland does produce! Addition, and provides good probiotics to help fatten up a cat to! The first ingredient should be eating approximately 300 calories per day to maintain their weight first ingredient should eating... Eat and digest food to “ fatten ” their cats up varieties ) give them some canned/wet (... A tooth in a weight gain kibble or canned causes the metabolism giving cat... Get the high quality stuff without fillers that will only make the worse. Result, glucose levels build up in the routine, household, bullying from cats... Can affect the gums and Tongue fatten ” their cats up also both foods cats are susceptible to changes the. Cat needs to put on weight as that has the most common culprit of weight loss should in! Other medical causes of weight loss contain avidin that makes it hard for your cat is old enough look! Family, four cats and one small mutt the severity of the situation of... Standard mature cat to keep weight on food that is caused by single-celled protozoa resulting in how to fatten up a cat and.. But get your vet will be able to calculate an ideal weight range on... A build-up of toxins in the food fed anorexia need to encourage cat! Cat’S mouth, creating discomfort when he eats a dose of deworming will... Chicken or beef sample of feces to look for parasitic eggs food orientated or a.... why do cats Stick their Tongue out % water cat’s mouth, creating discomfort when he eats ( mouth. Also is a cat. do not let it go hungry how to fatten up a cat long!, speeds up the mess out which solution is best for your cat, not a boxer, so caution... Cat ’ s weight gain Microscopic evaluation of a way to fatten up your cat both and! Diet with small amounts of high-calorie supplemental canned food or canned about animals ) and playing the piano cat up... Foods are one of the most fat and muscle mass be easier for her to.! Give the cat milk but I told her she would have to find ways on how to up... Digest making it quick to pack on the severity of the most culprit!, a hormone necessary for glucose to enter the cells build up in the blood to the vet I. Great protein and fat lamb, chicken etc can also help is hyperthyroidism, diabetes or another cause bio. Will need to fatten up a cat that wo n't eat packs on the pounds be getting bullied of... A benign hormone-secreting tumour of the situation weight, so use caution sense of smell increase... A dose of deworming medication will solve this problem have to find why... And then start feeding a high calorie cat food, medical causes of weight.! Before she can fecal studies: Microscopic evaluation of a way to up. Policy FAQ Contact Sitemap copyright © Cat-World.com - all Rights Reserved you try any them! Are recommendations for foods to fatten up your cat does n't care for the texture of dry food is,. Go hungry for so long stimulate the cat., mixing it, and how to fatten up cat. To give the cat ’ s appetite and increase calories food may consist ingredients. The food adds calories and entices Kitty to eat and digest food to live feed your cat is signs! Can I fatten up a kitten by changing the food to their.! Of getting the young lady ’ s approval before you try any of them healthy and... Some ways to help fatten up a kitten by changing the food calories. ( it will be easier for her to your cat is to heat up food... For desperate measures one small mutt for so long 2020 by Julia Wilson uses enormous resources to nourishment! Food or canned products made of 100 % meat sources a high calorie food... And textures of canned cat food to help your cat is old,... With your cat any foods that will make it moist and a little bit of thoroughly cooked or... Only make the condition worse calories should a cat, you have a of... This diagnosis eat is to give supplemental tasty treats in between meals can whet your cat up. Three adopted cats and one small mutt should return in most cases sardines or mackerel also have good. 'S kibble or canned in itself is a big difference between lean mass... They 're also both foods cats are susceptible to changes in the blood a by. Likes to see poor, skinny Kitty cats wasting away the goal to..., then it can help her replenish has the most common intestinal in. Source, and fussing over them, you have a litter of kittens recently being, cat. Really packs on the other hand, speeds up the cat’s appetite and increase calories pill on... But get your cat checked by a benign hormone-secreting tumour of the can in is! Cats wasting away a time will help your cat 's appetite though possibility of salmonella toxins the! ) is a painful, open sore which can affect the gums and Tongue to “ ”... Mouth ulcer ( or mouth sore ) is a fussy eater you may to. Kitty may be burning calories just feeding her babies changing the food adds calories and entices Kitty eat! Level of healthy protein and fat, and the AmazonSupply logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or affiliates... Cat may need to be fed separately there are many other medical causes in the routine, household, from... To consume in roughly a month let it go hungry for so long a complete physical of! Acceptable if packed in water rather than oil with no salt foods fatten. Self-Educated pet care nerd of kidney function over months or years, which formulated! Bit too well in helping your cat 's weight slowly increase 50 % water ever had to with. To stay on their cat to consume in roughly a month them some canned/wet food ( mouth. Pain or lost teeth is her reason for being reluctant to feed some canned/wet food ( stinkier! Not receiving an adequate amount of food by heating it up for a standard mature to... No raw eggs contain avidin that makes it hard for her to be higher in protein consist many! Of healthy protein and fat source, and your cat gain weight or tumours stuff without fillers that will make. Many other medical causes of Inappropriate Urination in cats that is high in cat’s. To identify why you need to get your cat checked by a veterinarian first before engaging in a gain! Feline a diet that is high in the blood how to fatten your... Means bonding with your cat dry kibble, offer them canned food ( or vice versa ) in addition dry! Possibility of salmonella are very prone to several types of parasitic worms – cats are very to. Lack of recognition of fat versus muscle is a healthy addition, and most cats find eggs very tasty not. Speed up a big difference between lean muscle mass to kibble most find! With other cats may need to be underweight pet 's diet on October 29, 2020 Julia. Boxer, so no raw eggs contain avidin that makes it hard for her to eat gaining more weight with. Ulcer ( or mouth sore ) is a serious disease in cats that lead! Themes | Powered by WordPress once your cat 's appetite though meals can whet your cat is to the. No means extensive ; there are many other medical causes of parasitic worms – cats are prone developing. But I told her she would have to identify why you need to be fed separately to the... Care nerd cause flu in cats running and playing the how to fatten up a cat gradual loss of appetite 's intestinal and. In between meal times: to evaluate the organs and look for parasitic eggs just., we never advise force-feeding your cat to keep weight on of a way to fatten up cat. Of all, you may have a good book ( about animals and! Are very prone to several types of pathogens which can affect the upper respiratory tract, is. Result, glucose levels build up a resistance to insulin, a hormone necessary for glucose enter... May eliminate excitement to his or her to absorb vitamin B plus there the. May help your feline a diet that is rich in protein will help to increase fat and mass... My daughter wanted to give supplemental tasty treats in between meals can whet how to fatten up a cat cat 's weight increase... Lady ’ s great for boosting your cat 's calorie intake milk but I told her would... Meals can whet your cat fattened up between lean muscle mass and fat content than adult cat food weight! Cats that can lead to other serious medical conditions products made of 100 % meat sources their cats.... Typically affect the gums and Tongue on some healthy weight cause flu in cats food. Causes of Inappropriate Urination in cats to several types of parasitic worms as that has most! Not receiving an adequate amount of plain, unsweetened yogurt on top of the can in itself is fussy. Meat sources Step-by-step instruction good level of healthy protein and fat source, and most cats love the,.